American protectionism constitutes an additional shock likely to reinforce trade within the Single Market.

Regardless of future US decisions, a return to the preexisting global trade order seems unlikely: trade with the United States is bound to become more expensive and more difficult.

How can Europe identify the threat of trade retaliation that allows it to establish the strongest negotiating position in dealing with the United States in merchandise trade alone?

Premature deindustrialization in most emerging and developing economies has been one of the defining trends of recent decades. The adoption of a fixed exchange regime by low-productivity countries particularly accelerates this phenomenon.

The importance of China in the imports of European countries varies significantly from one source to another, because of methodological differences in recording the country of origin of imports.

The trade sanctions imposed on the Russian economy not only restrict its supplies but also increase their cost.

The tariff strategy implemented since Donald Trump's inauguration has drawn attention to the extent of the U.S. economy's dependence on imports. The European Union (EU) ranks second among the suppliers on which the United States relies the most.

The United States are the main destination of European Union (EU) exports (excluding the Single Market). As transatlantic trade tensions intensify, some European industries are particularly exposed to the risk of losing access to the U.S. market.

Since taking office, Donald Trump has fully embraced his 'tariff mania,' imposing higher taxes on certain countries and products, even going so far as to introduce reciprocal tariffs. This has led to a wide range of import duties on the U.S. market.

Faced with the protectionist threats from the United States or China targeting sectors that play a significant role in the trade of some of its members, the European Union (EU) might be inclined to present a united front due to the strong interconnection of its economies.